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General Solution for Vehicle Battery: Achilles' heel of New Energy Vehicle
As long as people have a basic understanding of new energy vehicles, they are aware that the biggest challenge in the development of electric vehicle technology today lies in the difficulty of achieving breakthroughs in battery technology. The high cost of battery manufacturing limits the ability to significantly increase the range of electric vehicles within a reasonable budget, which restricts their practical application. Compared to traditional fuel vehicles, this also reduces their competitiveness. Without substantial subsidies, new energy vehicles would struggle to gain market traction.
Therefore, batteries play a role in new energy vehicles that is almost as crucial as engines and transmissions are in traditional vehicles. In this article, we'll take a closer look at current car batteries in a simple and easy-to-understand way.
When discussing new energy vehicle batteries, what should you be most concerned about?
If you live in a first-tier city with restrictions on license plates, you might consider buying a new energy or even a pure electric vehicle. This is because the cost per kilometer for an electric vehicle is typically about one-tenth of that of a petrol vehicle. So, power consumption is not your main concern. Plus, most electric cars offer strong acceleration, and since urban commutes don't require high speeds, power and torque aren’t the top priorities. However, many people buy cars not just for daily use but also for occasional long trips, where driving range becomes a critical factor.
To achieve a sufficient range, you need batteries with the highest possible capacity. But batteries are bulky, and space inside the vehicle is limited. Therefore, energy density is the most important performance metric for car batteries. Other factors like power, voltage, efficiency, and cycle life are also significant considerations.
Energy density can be measured in two ways: volumetric (Wh/L) and gravimetric (Wh/kg). Additionally, since electric vehicle batteries are often made up of multiple cells connected in series or parallel, and managed by a Battery Management System (BMS), it’s important to distinguish between the energy density of individual cells and the overall system.
Most manufacturers choose to purchase battery cells from suppliers and design and package their own systems accordingly.
What types of batteries are there?
You may have heard of Tesla's lithium batteries or BYD's iron phosphate batteries. These are just a few examples of the many types of batteries used in new energy vehicles. From a structural perspective, they can be categorized into prismatic, pouch, and cylindrical batteries.
However, when looking at the materials used, the classification becomes more complex. Common types include lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride, lithium-ion, zinc-air, and supercapacitors. Lead-acid batteries are still used in some low-speed electric vehicles due to their low cost, but they are considered outdated.
Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries are commonly found in hybrid vehicles, such as the Toyota Camry Hybrid and Corolla Hybrid. They are known for their stability and are widely used in conventional hybrids.
Lithium-ion batteries are now the mainstream in new energy vehicles. They use lithium compounds for the cathode, carbon-based materials for the anode, and organic electrolytes. These batteries come in various shapes, including prismatic and cylindrical, and their performance varies based on the composition of the materials used.
The core of modern new energy vehicles is the lithium-ion battery. Early versions were based on compounds like lithium manganate, lithium phosphate, and lithium cobaltate. Now, ternary lithium batteries—such as NCM (nickel-cobalt-manganese) and NCA (nickel-cobalt-aluminum)—have become the industry standard.
BYD's LFP (lithium iron phosphate) batteries are known for their safety and affordability, but they have lower energy density compared to other lithium options. Meanwhile, NCM and NCA batteries are being developed to improve energy density while maintaining stability and cost-effectiveness.
Tesla uses NCA batteries, which offer higher energy density than NCM but are slightly less stable and more expensive. The company has also pioneered the use of silicon-carbon anodes to further boost energy density.
Battery packs consist of multiple cells connected in series and parallel, forming a large system with high voltage and capacity. The design of the pack depends on the shape and size of the cells, as well as the vehicle's layout, cooling requirements, and space constraints. As a result, the same type of battery can be packaged differently to suit different models.
Inside the battery pack, there are multiple modules, each containing cooling sheets and connected via soldering. These modules are then wrapped in insulating material and placed in a frame before being installed in the vehicle. A BMS ensures safe operation by monitoring temperature, voltage, and other parameters.
In summary, as energy density continues to rise and costs fall, the range of electric vehicles will keep increasing, making them more competitive with traditional fuel vehicles. The future of transportation is clearly heading toward electrification.
The 4LAN Software Router is a software-defined router device with four local area network (LAN) interfaces:
Hardware Configuration:
Processor: Common processors include Intel Celeron series (such as J1900, N2800, etc.), Intel Core series, and some ARM architecture processors. Different processors have different performance and can meet the needs of different users. For example, Intel Core series processors have higher performance and are suitable for scenarios requiring higher data processing power; while ARM architecture processors usually have lower power consumption and are relatively inexpensive, which is suitable for power- and cost-sensitive application scenarios.
Memory: Generally equipped with DDR3 or DDR4 memory, with capacities ranging from 2GB to 16GB or even higher. Larger memory capacities can support more concurrent connections and more complex network functions, and higher memory configurations are necessary for users who need to run multiple virtual machines or handle large amounts of network traffic.
Storage: Has a storage device, such as a solid state drive (SSD) or mechanical hard disk (HDD), for installing the operating system and storing data such as routing configurations. The storage capacity depends on the user's needs, and some soft routers also support external storage devices to expand the storage capacity.
Network Interfaces: This is the key part of 4LAN Software Router, it has four Ethernet interfaces (RJ45 ports), which are usually Gigabit or higher speed interfaces, such as 2.5G or even 10G rate ports, which can provide high-speed LAN connectivity to meet the needs of simultaneous access of multiple devices and high-speed data transmission.