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General Solution for Vehicle Battery: Achilles' heel of New Energy Vehicle
As long as people today have a basic understanding of new energy vehicles, they know that the biggest challenge in the development of electric vehicle technology lies in the difficulty of breakthroughs in battery technology. Battery innovation is not just about performance—it's about cost, safety, and sustainability.
Due to the high production costs of batteries, most electric vehicles cannot significantly improve their range without drastically increasing expenses, which limits their practical use. Compared to traditional fuel vehicles, this reduces their competitiveness, making government subsidies essential for their widespread adoption.
Therefore, the importance of batteries for new energy vehicles is almost on par with the role of engines and gearboxes in traditional cars. In this article, we'll explore what makes a car battery important, how it works, and why it's so crucial to the future of electric mobility.
What should you consider when discussing the batteries of new energy vehicles?
If you're living in a first-tier city with restrictions on fuel vehicles, you might be considering a new energy or even a fully electric vehicle. The cost per kilometer is often one-tenth that of a petrol car, so power consumption isn't your main concern. Plus, most EVs offer strong acceleration, which is great for city driving where speed isn’t always necessary. However, many people buy cars for more than daily commuting—long trips are common, and that’s where battery range becomes critical.
To achieve a longer range, you need a battery with higher capacity. But batteries are bulky, and space in the vehicle is limited. So, energy density becomes the key factor. It measures how much energy a battery can store relative to its size or weight. Other important factors include power output, voltage, efficiency, and lifespan.
Energy density can be measured in two ways: volume (Wh/L) and mass (Wh/kg). Since electric vehicles typically use battery packs made up of multiple cells connected in series or parallel, and managed by a BMS, the energy density of individual cells and the entire system are both important topics of discussion.
Most manufacturers choose to source batteries from suppliers and design their own packaging systems to fit their vehicle layouts.
What types of batteries are there?
You may have heard of Tesla’s lithium batteries or BYD’s iron phosphate batteries. These are just a few examples. There are three main types of battery configurations used in new energy vehicles: prismatic, pouch, and cylindrical. Each has its own advantages depending on the application.
From a material composition perspective, batteries can be classified into lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride, lithium-ion, and others like zinc-air or supercapacitors. Lead-acid batteries are still used in some low-speed electric vehicles due to their low cost, but they’re considered outdated for modern applications.
Currently, the most common are nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. NiMH batteries are often found in hybrid vehicles, such as Toyota’s Camry Hybrid and Corolla Hybrid. They are reliable, though not as energy-dense as lithium-ion.
Lithium-ion batteries are now the dominant choice for electric vehicles. Their positive electrodes are compounds containing lithium, and the anodes are usually carbon-based materials like graphite. The electrolyte is organic, and these batteries come in various shapes—prismatic, cylindrical, or pouch-style.
The most popular type of lithium-ion battery today is the ternary lithium battery, which uses a combination of nickel, cobalt, and manganese (NCM) or nickel, cobalt, and aluminum (NCA). These offer higher energy density and better performance than earlier versions like lithium iron phosphate (LFP), which is safer and cheaper but has lower energy density.
Nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) batteries are widely used because of their stability and cost-effectiveness. They come in different ratios, such as 111, 523, 622, and 811. The higher the nickel content, the greater the energy density and the lower the cost, making high-nickel NCM batteries a major trend.
On the other hand, Tesla uses nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA) batteries, known for their high energy density. While they are more expensive and less stable than NCM, they are ideal for performance-oriented models. Tesla has also been pioneering the use of silicon-carbon anodes to further boost energy density.
Battery packs are complex systems made up of many cells connected in series and parallel. The shape and layout of the pack depend on the vehicle’s design, cooling needs, and space constraints. Inside each module, cooling sheets and soldered connections help manage heat and ensure safe operation.
A battery management system (BMS) monitors temperature, voltage, and other parameters to optimize performance and extend battery life. This ensures the pack operates safely and efficiently under all conditions.
In summary, as battery technology continues to advance, energy density increases while costs decrease. This means electric vehicles will have longer ranges and become more affordable, putting real pressure on traditional fuel vehicles. The future of transportation is clearly electric—and batteries are at the heart of it all.
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