April 19, 2024

Explore LED lamps: past, present and future

In the hot download of the "Green Lighting Technology Special Issue" in May, how can you miss it!

In the past 100 years, incandescent lamps have been a part of our daily lives. We haven't thought too much about it. When you press the switch, the darkness will turn into light. Today, this insignificant great invention is facing a phase-out because global government regulations mandate an increase in the energy efficiency of lighting equipment. In incandescent lamps, less than 10% of the input power can be truly converted into visible light. The rest is converted into invisible infrared and thermal energy.

In the United States, traditional 100W and 75W incandescent lamps are rare, and 60W and 40W incandescent lamps will also be discontinued this year. Technology products such as halogen lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and LED lamps are scrambling to replace incandescent lamps. Among them, halogen lamps and CFLs have been used for some time, and LED lighting equipment has only become very practical in the last five years due to the significant increase in technical efficiency. Luminous efficiency is defined as the ratio of luminous flux (lumens or lm) to input power (watts or W) or written as lm/W. Similar to the fuel economy of a car, it is a measure of the luminous efficiency of a light source. Table 1 shows a comparison of common light sources equivalent to 60W.

Comparison of luminous efficiencies of various light sources.

Table 1. Comparison of luminous efficiencies of various light sources.
Enter the AC voltage and current of the luminaire (with or without a TRIAC dimmer).

Figure 1. AC voltage and current into the luminaire (with or without a TRIAC dimmer).

Obviously, CFL and LED are good choices for high-efficiency light sources, and at current market prices, CFL seems to be the most economical. However, CFLs have some environmental problems because they contain trace amounts of mercury and require special treatment. In addition, the dimming effect of the CFL is usually (or not) poor after installing a standard TRIAC dimmer. To be fair, early LED luminaires were not perfect. Some products emit light that is not soft and pleasing, some have a lifespan that is not as long as the ad says, and some dimming effects are not very good. However, this has been greatly improved now, as luminaire manufacturers and electronics suppliers have solved many of these problems in order to meet the EnergyStar standard.

So why are LED lamps still so expensive? As with any new technology, the initial cost is often high, but as the degree of commodification increases, the cost will quickly decrease. Incandescent lamps have been around for more than 100 years, and lighting-grade LEDs have been around for less than 10 years. Although incandescent and LED lights may look similar, their interiors are quite different. Incandescent lamps energize the filament to produce light. The filament is a resistive load that produces visible light when heated to an incandescent state. When P = I2R, increasing or decreasing the RMS current to the filament increases or decreases the brightness, resulting in a very simple light source that is easily tuned by simple phase switching techniques (such as those used in TRIAC dimmers). Technology) to control.

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