1. Grounding and Zeroing: To prevent electric shocks caused by contact voltage or voltage across the equipment, it's essential to connect the metal casing of electrical devices to the ground using a thick enough wire—this is known as protective grounding. In systems where the transformer’s neutral point is directly grounded, connecting the metal casing to the neutral wire is called protection zero. However, it's crucial to note that in the same power system, some equipment should not have both protective grounding and protection zero at the same time.
2. Electric Shock:
(1) Single-phase shock occurs when a person stands on the ground and touches a live conductor, resulting in an electric shock. This is the most common type of accident, often due to faulty switches, lamp sockets, wires, or motors.
(2) Double-line shock happens when a person touches two live wires simultaneously, causing current to pass through their body.
(3) High-voltage arc shock can occur if someone gets too close to a high-voltage conductor, creating an arc that leads to serious injury or death.
3. Step Voltage: When a power line breaks and falls to the ground, current flows into the earth, creating a potential difference. If a person steps over this area, the voltage between their feet can cause a dangerous shock. The closer you are to the broken wire, the higher the step voltage. It's vital to avoid touching the wire and to move away slowly, keeping your feet together if possible.
4. Causes of Electric Shock:
(1) Unqualified personnel performing electrical work without proper training or certification.
(2) Lack of basic electrical knowledge among workers, leading to improper use of equipment.
(3) Faulty equipment with no proper grounding or protection measures in place.
5. Patterns of Electric Shock Accidents:
(1) More incidents occur in the second and third quarters due to rain and humidity, which reduce insulation and increase risk.
(2) Low-voltage shocks are more frequent than high-voltage ones because more people come into contact with them.
(3) Harsh environments, such as those with acid, alkali, or high humidity, lead to more accidents.
(4) Young workers or apprentices under 30 years old are particularly vulnerable.
(5) Equipment defects and unsafe practices contribute significantly to these incidents.
6. Electrical Safety Procedures:
(1) Electricians should wear proper protective gear, including insulated shoes, gloves, and safety helmets.
(2) Before starting work, always check tools like testers, insulated gloves, and boots for damage.
(3) New tools must be tested before use.
(4) Insulation equipment should be stored properly in dry places after each use.
(5) Always work with a partner during power operations.
(6) Ensure power is turned off before replacing switches or lamps.
(7) Check motor insulation and grounding before installation.
(8) During power outages, inspect cables before handling them.
(9) Follow strict procedures when working on power lines, including warning signs and guarding.
(10) Verify all new installations meet safety standards.
(11) Use rubber cables in dusty or dry environments.
(12) Store unused equipment in dry areas to maintain insulation.
(13) Install wiring in hard-to-reach places to prevent accidental contact.
(14) Replace fuses according to specifications and always turn off the power first.
(15) Use proper conduits when running wires through walls.
(16) Keep insulated wires at least 2 meters above the ground.
(17) Avoid laying wires in tubes or wood troughs.
(18) Use double-insulated cords in wet or frequently moved areas.
(19) Avoid joints in oil tank wiring and never run overhead lines directly into warehouses.
(20) Never replace fuses with copper or aluminum wires, and do not modify them.
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