1. Grounding and Zeroing: To prevent electric shocks caused by contact voltage or voltage across the body, it's essential to connect the metal casing of electrical equipment to the ground using a thick enough wire—this is known as protective grounding. In systems where the transformer’s neutral point is directly grounded, connecting the equipment’s casing to the neutral wire is called protection zero. However, it's crucial that in the same power system, no part should have both protective grounding and protection zero simultaneously.
2. Electric Shock:
(1) Single-phase electric shock occurs when a person standing on the ground touches a live conductor with another part of their body. This is the most common type of electric shock and often results from issues like faulty switches, lamp sockets, wires, or motors.
(2) Double-line electric shock happens when a person touches two wires of the same power source at the same time, causing current to flow through their body.
(3) High-voltage arc electric shock can occur if someone gets too close to a high-voltage live conductor or if the distance between them is less than the safe limit. An arc may form, leading to electric shock.
3. Step Voltage: If a transmission line breaks and falls to the ground, a loop forms between the wire and the earth, creating an electric field. The closer a person is to the wire, the higher the potential difference between their feet, which is called step voltage. If the voltage is high enough, it can cause muscle spasms, leading to falls and severe injury. In such cases, avoid touching the wire and keep a safe distance. For high-voltage lines, stay at least 8–10 meters away; for low-voltage, keep 3–5 meters clear.
4. Causes of Electric Shock:
(1) Unqualified personnel performing electrical work without proper training or certification.
(2) Lack of basic electrical knowledge, even among workers who know electricity is dangerous but don't understand how to use it safely.
(3) Faulty equipment or improper grounding and protection measures.
5. Patterns of Electric Shock Accidents:
(1) More incidents occur in the second and third quarters due to rain and humidity, which reduce insulation and increase risk.
(2) Low-voltage shocks are more common than high-voltage ones, as they involve more devices and people.
(3) Harsh environments, such as those with acid, alkali, heat, or tight spaces, lead to more shocks.
(4) Young workers and apprentices under 30 are more likely to get shocked due to lack of experience.
(5) Equipment defects and unsafe practices contribute significantly to accidents.
6. Electrical Safety Procedures:
(1) Electricians must wear appropriate PPE, including insulated shoes, gloves, and a helmet.
(2) Before starting work, check all tools and safety equipment for damage.
(3) New insulating tools must be tested before use.
(4) Insulation equipment should be stored properly and kept clean after each use.
(5) Always work with a partner during power operations—one to perform the task, one to monitor.
(6) When replacing switches or lamp heads, always turn off the power first.
(7) Check motor insulation and grounding before installation.
(8) During power outages, handle cables carefully and wear insulated gloves.
(9) Follow strict procedures when operating circuit breakers and hanging warning signs.
(10) Ensure new installations meet all safety regulations.
(11) Use rubber cables in dusty or dry environments, and protect them with tubes or conduits.
(12) Store unused equipment in dry, secure locations to maintain insulation.
(13) Install wiring in hard-to-reach areas and keep lamp sockets at least 2 meters above the floor.
(14) Replace fuses correctly, ensuring they match the load requirements.
(15) Use porcelain or plastic tubes when entering walls, and maintain fire safety distances.
(16) Keep indoor wiring at least 2 meters from the ground and 2.5 cm apart from other wires.
(17) Do not lay wires in conduits or wooden troughs.
(18) Use double-core insulated cords in wet or frequently moved areas.
(19) Avoid joints in oil tank wiring and never introduce overhead lines directly into storage areas.
(20) Never replace fuses with copper or aluminum wires, and do not modify them for larger sizes.
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