Abstract: With his rich practical experience and colloquial narrative, the author analyzes the lighting conditions and technical applications in film and TV drama production, and has guiding significance for industry practitioners. [Keywords] lighting light than lighting lamps First, the film overview In the middle of the 20th century, movies were one of the favorite forms of entertainment for the Chinese. Especially in rural areas, it is common for folks to walk a dozen miles to watch a movie. The heroes in the film have influenced and educated generations. Among these generations, some have realized their dreams. Some are like heroes in the film, and they become heroes. The film is a special cultural product that combines various arts. Regardless of whether the viewer has a culture, whether it is a farmer or an intellectual, you can understand it. However, film production has a certain regularity and is very strict. Before a film starts shooting, first discuss the subject matter, and after confirming that there is certain feasibility, write the script first. After the script comes out, the art committee will discuss and make comments, and repeatedly modify the script after finalizing the script. The actor must truly experience life. Then, the film crew was set up and entered the shooting stage. The production cycle of a movie takes a few months at the earliest, and it takes more than a year to slow down. At that time, the production capacity of Chinese movies was also dozens of units a year, but the proportion of fine films was extremely high. At that time, I heard that India has a production capacity of several hundred films per year. After listening to it, I was shocked. Unexpectedly, the production capacity of Chinese film has been greatly developed. The output of the year has also reached more than 700. But there are not many boutiques, and most of them can't enter the theater. There are also a lot of day trips. There are still some films that are not popular. The fundamental reason is that creation is far from life and lacks authenticity. In film production, an actor, find someone to write a script or write a script himself. I am a director, I am the starring actress, I can shoot a bunch of people, and I can’t talk about life. The professional level of film practitioners is uneven, like landscape professionals are some workers who are engaged in decoration. Especially lighting professionals, mostly migrant workers. These people have not received professional technical training. In the filming, it is difficult to achieve the desired effect on the script. Since only attention is paid to production and safety is neglected, work-related injuries occur frequently. Therefore, the most important job according to the current situation is to improve the skills of lighting professionals. In the usual work, I often encounter some lighting professionals asking me, what is the difference between film lighting and TV lighting? This question is more difficult to answer. But thinking about it is also a bit different. From the point of view of the use of lighting equipment, it is basically the same. The lighting method is not the same. TV production is a short and fast; film production is much slower. I personally think that TV production and film production are the same in terms of character lighting. The difference is the difference between background light and ambient light. The ambient light produced by the film on the cloth is much more complicated than in the TV series. Second, what preparations should the lighting engineer need to do before the film starts shooting? 1. Read the script carefully. Now a large part of the lighting engineer does not read the script at the beginning of the film. This habit is very bad. It can be said that it is very unfavorable for his future shooting. The script must be read 3 times to find out the basis of the light from the script. It is also necessary to communicate with photographers and directors. The ideas they put forward will be of great help to you, and you should find out the special effects light proposed in the script, such as lightning, fire, and car. If you don't have much confidence in some special effects, you can ask your peers in advance. In order to avoid problems in the film shooting, resulting in passive. 2, the lighting personnel must be reasonable, now the film crew filming, the lighting staff is mostly based on friends and family, this has a good side, should be united in the work of leadership, but also has drawbacks, that is, business is not skilled, filming in the film It will affect the speed, in terms of shooting space. There must be competent personnel in the rear view, medium view and foreground light. In this way, the basic conditions for shooting can be achieved, and the shooting can be carried out smoothly. 3, reasonable selection of lighting equipment, in the film shooting, the reasonable choice of lighting equipment, it is particularly important, everything from the shooting needs, especially in the case of a relatively distant location, you must make a budget according to the maximum scene, so as not to be due to lighting equipment Insufficient delays. 4, in the filming must pay attention to personal safety, now, when the film crew filming, most lighting personnel have not received safety production education. Neglecting safety in the work has caused major casualties. When a film crew was filming on the third floor, the lighting staff fell from the third floor, causing serious injuries. There was also a fall from the high platform. In particular, some of the crews suddenly collapsed during the filming, causing the hanging lights to suddenly fall. Workers who fall in the performance area are injured, so safe production is an important guarantee to avoid causing significant economic losses to the film crew. Third, the light ratio The film picture needs to emphasize the light ratio, which is what people call the contrast between light and dark. The foreground and the background of the foreground are set in the depth layout, and the foreground is set against the background, which gives the picture a sense of verticality. 1. As a foreground, the important role in the picture is the need for composition in the picture. It has little to do with the performance of the actors. The brightness of the foreground can be processed into a silhouette or a semi-silhouette, and the outline is made, so don't be too bright. Otherwise, it will destroy the sense of space. There are usually several situations in the front and back scenes. 2, strong contrast, the background is bright, the foreground is dark, or vice versa, the background is dark, the foreground is bright, professional lighting personnel often use this method to express some live shooting, unable to illuminate the problem, that is, no light The scene, specifically, an actor ran to the corner of the scene during the fight. The lens moves backwards, and the range of the picture is very large. In the case of the lamp position, the background light can be brightened, and the actor can be silhouetted, which can solve the problem that the actor can not be placed and the performance of the actor can be seen. 3, superimposed contrast, the so-called superimposition is interspersed contrast before and after, the foreground rear view light area, bright and dark superimposed on each other, this light ratio of the lighting method, in the night scene shooting, is one of the usual methods. 4, contrast contrast, this lighting effect is the foreground, the rear view, the contrast of the medium brightness, it can be said that they are close to the exposure point, this method of lighting is often used in hospital wards or wedding scenes. Fourth, exposure The use of the camera is basically the same as that of the camera, but when shooting a movie, the camera works with a light meter, and each lens cannot be separated from the light meter. The aperture of the camera is not used at will. When shooting in the interior, the aperture of the camera is fixed, and the brightness of the light is relatively fixed. Generally, it is exposed according to the brightness of the main light of the person. When shooting the day scene in the studio, the main light circle of the character is set to f4, the exposure is f4, the auxiliary light is f2.8, and the indoor effect light is the sunlight effect aperture f5.6 or f8. The base light aperture must be lower than f2.8, to prevent the background or people from being affected by the light of the base. In the night scene shooting in the shed, the main light brightness is also constant, the aperture is still f4, the auxiliary light ratio can be increased, the aperture display f2.2, the aperture of the moonlight effect light is also reduced, can display f2.8 Yes, the base light can be depending on the size of the scene, depending on the requirements of the overall atmosphere. Fifth, the tone The film is different from the TV. Although the film is dimmable in the later stage, in the case of congenital deficiency, the light of some pictures cannot be adjusted. Therefore, the film must be unified when it is filmed, and it is often necessary to have a high-profile, high-profile Provide high-key basic conditions on the scene and prop color, the color must be close to light gray, white, including the props placed in the scene, including the costumes worn by the actors. The color in the low-key scene is dark gray or black, and the props and clothing tend to be dark, in order to create a low-key effect. Hard tones, the colors in the foreground scene and the props costumes have no intermediate transitions that are neither high nor low, forming a strong contrast. Soft tone, the colors and props in the scene are concentrated in the middle tones, the contrast is not strong. Six, the name of the light name As the production capacity of Chinese films has increased, the mystery of the film has been unveiled. Everyone in the film crew can speak some terms of lighting professional. I personally think that many people have little knowledge of lighting, but as a lighting person, we must know the type of light. 1, the main light The main light is the first step in the mind of the lighting person, the soul of the lighting person, and the soul in the picture. In particular, the determination of artificial main light should be determined according to the laws of science. The main light function is to shape the sense of the subject, shape the characters, express the time, and render the atmosphere. 2, auxiliary light Auxiliary light is an indispensable light in the character's styling. Whether it is filming or TV series, the use of auxiliary light by lighting professionals greatly exceeds the use of the main light. Some characters do not use the main light. Simply use auxiliary light, like some older actor, with wrinkled skin and eye bags, usually only use auxiliary light as the main styling light. 3, the base light The base light refers to the light used for the bottoming of the interior scene. The use of the base light may ensure a certain density in the darkest part of the background environment, without damaging the environment and further ensuring the color reproduction. 4, contour light The general term for various backlights expressed by contour light, including positive backlighting, side backlighting, and top lighting. The use of contour light can maximize the separation of characters and scenes from the background, adding a sense of three-dimensionality. It is worth mentioning that the actors The hairstyle is further beautified to increase the vitality of the picture. 5, the background light The background light is ambient light, which is a combination of various kinds of light. All kinds of light should be displayed in the environment. There is a main light that guarantees three-dimensionality, a front auxiliary light, a contour light, and a base light that ensures color reproduction. The use of light source effects can create the best results. 6, modified light This kind of light styling effect can make the picture more beautiful. The modified light is used more in the shooting of the opera film. It can be used to modify a certain part, for example: beard, clothing, etc., but the use of the modified light does not affect the face. 7, eye light Whether a person has a spirit or not, mainly depends on the eyes. We often say that the eyes are the windows of the soul. This is the meaning of the general eye. When the light is light, it will naturally form. If it is not realized, it does not matter. It is only on the front of the actor. A slightly higher position, plus a small power lamp, can be solved. 8, the effect of light The effect light generally refers to the special effect light, such as oil lamp, flare, moon, lightning, candle, etc. Now these effects are better, and there are ready-made fire effect lights. Seven, the scene lighting in the studio 1. We set up a small courtyard scene to interpret and arrange the light according to the day view. There are five main rooms in the small courtyard. The middle one is the house door. The left and right sides are windows. The front door of the house leads directly to the main entrance of the small courtyard. The main entrance There are stairs and gates. There are several trees on both sides of the passage, there are flowers, water tanks, grape racks, stone tables, stone benches, and small courtyard walls. There is a table of eight cents on the wall in the main hall of the house, and there are chairs on both sides. The houses on both sides are designed to be open, and there are props in life, such as beds. As I said before, in the shed, the main light is fixed (people, objects, main light) such as the main light aperture f4, the sunlight into the house as the effect light, can improve the first aperture of f5.6, the character The auxiliary light aperture is f2.8, the contour light of the character can be the same as the main light, and the aperture of the indoor light is f2.2. The ambient light on the wall is lower than the main light brightness of the person, and the ambient light is brighter. The part is the same as the main aperture of the f4. Outside the courtyard, the part of the sky close to the wall refers to the lower part of the aperture is f5.6, the contour of the wall of the door sill is f8, the contour light is highlighted from the brightness of the sky, the light in the courtyard The aperture is lower than f2.8, the front of the wall can be processed into a shady surface, highlighting the layering, and the dark aperture can be set to f2.8, the light effect in the courtyard is darker than that of the sky, and the outline of plants, trees, fish tanks and grape racks Also darker than the outline of the wall, the aperture f5.6 is enough. At the same time, the main light direction of the indoor character is taken on the spot, and it should be based on the outdoor main light direction, which is consistent with the outdoor main light direction. 2, such as shooting night scene effect, the main light brightness is unchanged, still according to the aperture f4, also press f4 to expose, the other light source direction is unchanged, just change the light ratio, the sky light is lower than the main light f4, the brightest For f2.8, the contour brightness is also reduced to f4 or less, the character's auxiliary light can be reduced to f2.2, the moonlight effect is reduced to f2.8, and the indoor ring mirror light is also reduced to f2.8 or less, and the base light is also lowered. Down, the outline of the plant in the yard also dropped to f4. Eight, the difference between film lighting and TV drama lighting 1, the difference in ambient light I used the film lighting method to take the small courtyard as an example. It can be seen that in the ambient light distribution in the courtyard, a lot of effort has been spent. The sound effects of the movie screen are fully reflected in the processing of ambient light, and the movie screen. Whether the lighting effect produces a romantic atmosphere like poetry and painting, a large part of it is reflected in the ambient light. When shooting the TV series "Su Dongpo", there is a scene. Inside the palace hall, outside the main entrance of the main hall is a sky piece. The main hall is the throne of the emperor. There are several steps on the throne. Under the throne is the performance area of ​​the ministers. From the gate to the gate. The throne is 30 meters long. The hall is surrounded by paper-filled windows. For this scene, my idea of ​​lighting is to first spread the light, then use the high-powered lamps to bring in the sunlight from the gate. The effect is that the distance between the actors and the regional gates is more than 20 meters. In order to highlight the sunlight effect, I am going to outline the pillars and make up the ambient light. This requires at least 150 lamps, such as filming. There is nothing wrong with the lighting concept. There are not so many lights in the TV series. After discussing with the crew, only the focus will be on the performance area. The screen of the TV is small, and it can achieve better results. However, when shooting movies, this situation is absolutely not allowed, so I think the biggest difference between film and TV series lighting is the performance of ambient light. 2, the change of shooting concept From the transition from filming to TV series, it is necessary to change the concept. For some time, there are some very famous film directors in China. They also use filmmaking techniques when making TV dramas. The results are very good, but the progress is very slow, and they cannot adapt to TV dramas. The shooting speed, the producers can not afford the economic pressure brought by the slow progress, had to change people, which fully shows that these famous directors did not change the concept of shooting in time. Why is the lighting staff more stable in the crew? I have a personal experience. I have consciously changed the concept of natural transformation in the filming of the TV series, keeping up with the shooting speed of the TV series, and improving the processing of the TV characters. From the unambiguous, in the ambient light processing, you can make a little weaker. If you don't spend a lot of time on the ambient light, the speed will naturally keep up. Nine, the choice of film lamps Today's film is filming, ending the film era, fully digital, but the lighting has not changed much in the use of lamps, and still use the use of traditional lamps. 1. High color temperature xenon lamp for movies 1100KW high color temperature astigmatism xenon lamp 218KW high color temperature xenon lamp 312KW high color temperature xenon lamp 46KW high color temperature xenon lamp 54KW high color temperature xenon lamp 62.5KW high color temperature xenon lamp 71.2KW high color temperature xenon lamp 8575W high color temperature lamp 9200W high color temperature lamp 10KINO high color temperature low color temperature three primary color tube type lamp 2, low color temperature lamps for movies 110KW spotlight 25KW spotlight 32KW spotlight 41KW spotlight 5650W spotlight 6300W spotlight 7150W special force spotlight 3, the application of high color temperature xenon lamp 1 In the early stage of filming, lighting professionals select different lamps according to the requirements in the script. 2100KW astigmatic xenon lamp, this kind of lamp is large in size and heavy in weight. It is generally used with cranes. Because it is astigmatism, it can only be used as auxiliary light in the big scene. The input is three items of electricity, equipped with an impedance ballast, generally used. In order not to affect the use of other lamps, the use of a single generator car alone increases the cost of the film and is generally not used. The 318KW xenon lamp should also be used at the same time as the crane. Most of the night lights are used for backlighting. The 412KW xenon lamp also requires a crane. It is used in the same way as the 18KW xenon lamp. Sometimes it can be used in high places. In most cases, it is used in the night scene. 56KW xenon lamps are mostly used in high platforms, and cranes are rarely used. In general, they are used more when backlighting. The 64KW xenon lamp and the 2.5KW xenon lamp are often used as auxiliary lights in filming outside the country. 71.2KW Xenon lamp 575KW Xenon lamp, 200W Xenon lamp, generally used in indoor live shooting when filming. KINO is also used in live action shooting. 4, the application of low color temperature lamps Low color temperature lamps are generally used when shooting scenes in the studio. 1 10KW spotlight, usually used for backlighting, can be used for buildings, contour lighting. 2 5KW spotlights, when used as the main light, such as sunlight effect, 2KW, 1KW, 650KW, 300KW spotlights. The use of the character light is more, and the auxiliary light uses more KINO low color temperature lamps. 5, the use of the light pool The light pool is made up of iron pipes to form a pool shape, 10 meters long, 10 meters wide and 2 meters high. The bottom is covered with a butterfly cloth. On the inside of the pool, some lights, such as space lights, various In order to reduce the weight, astigmatism lights can be used with low color temperature lamps. Some blue light papers can be added. One or two high-color temperature lamps can also be used. The light pool is easy to use when shooting the night scenes. For example, in a closed environment, the surrounding houses are relatively high, the house has a tiled edge, and the performance area is in the middle of the courtyard. The outline of the high-powered xenon lamp is easily blocked by the house, and the light effect is difficult to show in the performance area. In this case, the light pool is suspended to a certain height by a crane, the contour of the tile on the surrounding houses is there, and the outline of the characters in the performance area is also present, which is very satisfactory in the movie picture. X. Stereotypes of lighting fixtures and creative methods 1, lamp stereotypes Since the late 1960s, it has been said that from the beginning of the shooting model, not only the lighting fixtures and creation methods have been highly valued, but the country has increased its investment in lighting production and established a new light source. The scientific research team came up with a high-color temperature xenon lamp that was very advanced and convenient at home and abroad. This kind of lamp relied on DC 110V power supply, and it was used with impedance ballast. The type is relatively simple, only 5KW flared xenon lamp, 3KW It is mostly used for spotlights. It can be used alternately with 5KW low color temperature bulbs and 1KW xenon lamps. The color temperature is relatively stable. Because there is no stroboscopic power supply for DC power supply, it is very convenient especially for the camera to be upgraded. This DC Xenon lamp has been in the history of Chinese cinema for 30 years. With the appearance of Alai luminaires, it shows a strong advantage, first of all, a variety of products, complete power, power supply and commercial power. Finally eliminated the DC xenon lamp produced in China. 2, stereotypes on lighting creation methods In the black and white film era, there is no color temperature change in the lighting. The level in the picture is only presented in three basic tones: black, white and gray. In the film shooting, the direction of the light source should be based and used together with the ambient light. The bright part of the character should be dealt with on a slightly dark background. The dark part of the character should be processed in the bright part. Try to make the gray in the picture less, and it is the age of the last century. In the era of color film, there is a problem of color reproduction. Color temperature is proposed as the most important indicator, especially the emergence of heroes, must be tall and perfect, so the heroic light effect must be carefully carved, the main light, auxiliary light, contour light, eye light, modified light are all available. The reverse character appears, the character's light processing, the big contrast, the contrast between the light and the dark is strong, the lamp position is generally lower, and some of the lights are even placed directly in the ground. Take the North Film Factory, the lighting workshop, when the staff is the most, reach the upper Hundreds of people have started some training courses on business improvement, and through summing up, finally put forward three points of lighting theory. The basic theory of primary light, auxiliary light, and contour light has been recognized in the industry and has been continued. XI. Application of LED lamps in TV movie shooting 1. Application of TV studio At present, in order to control the global temperature rise too fast in the world, and vigorously promote energy conservation and emission reduction, China has done a good job in this point. In the elimination of incandescent lamps, vigorously developing LED light sources is at the forefront, and many of them are currently in the national TV studios. Switched to LED lamps, together with the LED large screen, the power consumption is significantly reduced, the heat generated by the lamps in the studio is also reduced, and the operation is also very convenient, which is welcomed by the majority of users. 2. Can LED lamps be used in large quantities in film shooting? At present, LED lamps cannot be fully used in film shooting without the ability to produce high-power lamps. For example, when photographing hotels and hotel halls, doors and windows have sunlight shining through the windows or doors. Seeing the sky, in order to make the sky have a certain density, and in order to illuminate the incoming sun light is not too bright, we must increase the brightness of the main light to the next or two-stop range of the brightness of the sunlight, so that we High-power high-color temperature xenon lamps will be used, because LED lamps cannot be used because of their low power and the inability to achieve the brightness of the film. But LED also has its own advantages, such as in the hotel room or a small real-life shooting, because the LED power is small, the luminous intensity is high, the existing commercial power in the room can be used, especially now that the film is recorded in the same period, in the summer. In order to avoid noise, the air conditioner cannot be turned on when shooting, and the door is closed. The high temperature generated by the lamp is unbearable. For example, the use of LED lamps can solve the problem of excessive temperature caused by the illumination of the lamp. Of course, this is only an idea. When the film is actually filmed, the film crew should consider the cost. It is impossible to bring a xenon lamp and LED lamps. Therefore, according to the current situation, the LED lights cannot be used in large quantities during film shooting. Of course, some problems still occur. Need to continue to study and explore in practice in the future. About the Author: Gu Tianjiang, graduated from the Lighting Department of Beijing Film Academy. Work unit: China Film Group Corporation Art Creation Center, a national first-level stage film and television lighting designer. He is currently a senior member of the China Lighting Society, deputy director of the 4th Stage Film and Television Lighting Professional Committee of the China Lighting Society, the 5th and 6th members, the first member of the China Lighting Designers Exchange Center, a member of the China Film Association, and China. Member of the Television Artists Association and member of the China Film and Television Technology Society. As a lighting designer, he participated in a large number of film and television works and received extensive attention from the industry. His performance was included in the 458 pages of the book "China TV Man", the "Chinese Expert Dictionary", and the "Chinese Expert Name Dictionary". The 11 volumes are included in the book "Chinese Celebrities", and the book "China's Reform 20 Years Tour" is included as the chief lighting engineer.
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