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Suggestions on the implementation of wireless charging technology solutions
Wireless charging is a technology that relies on the principles of the magnetic effect of current and electromagnetic induction. In 1819, Danish scientist Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that an electric current flowing through a wire creates a magnetic field around it, which can deflect a compass needle. Later, scientists found that when the wire is shaped into a loop or coil, the magnetic field becomes stronger and more concentrated. This phenomenon is known as the magnetic effect of current.
Electromagnetic induction was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831. He observed that when a magnet or another source of a magnetic field moves near a coil without current, it induces a current in the coil. The key condition for this process is that the magnetic field must be changing—such as when the magnet approaches or moves away. If the magnetic field remains constant, no current is induced.
In summary, the magnetic effect of current refers to the generation of a magnetic field by an electric current, while electromagnetic induction involves the generation of current in a coil due to a changing external magnetic field.
To charge using electromagnetic induction, wireless charging devices typically use a charging pad containing a coil. When connected to a power source, the coil generates a magnetic field via the current. A device being charged also has a coil inside. When placed near the charging pad, the magnetic field induces a current in the device’s coil, which is then directed to the battery for charging.
You might wonder: can electromagnetic induction occur if the magnetic field doesn’t change? However, the electricity from a household outlet is alternating current (AC), meaning the direction of the current constantly reverses. This causes the magnetic field generated by the coil to continuously change, satisfying the requirements for electromagnetic induction.
Although many smartphones and tablets now support wireless charging, efficiency drops significantly when the device is not close enough to the charging pad. Even with advanced technology, the maximum effective distance is usually less than 5 cm. Most devices are still placed directly on the charging stand, and the convenience of "wireless" charging is still limited.
To improve charging distance and efficiency, scientists are exploring magnetic resonance. By adding components like capacitors and inductors to the circuit, a resonant circuit is created. This allows energy to be transferred between two circuits that share the same frequency, similar to how tuning forks vibrate at the same frequency. Magnetic resonance can extend charging distances to several meters and improve efficiency, although aligning frequencies precisely remains a challenge.
Beyond magnetic resonance, researchers have experimented with laser light and Wi-Fi-like frequency bands for wireless charging. These innovations aim to make future charging more convenient.
Companies like Apple, Samsung, and ZTE are accelerating the growth of the wireless charging market, which is expected to reach $100 billion. Although the iPhone 7 didn't include wireless charging, Apple's 2017 models were likely to feature it. Meanwhile, wireless charging is also gaining traction in the electric vehicle industry.
New technologies are emerging. For example, uBeam has developed ultrasonic wireless charging that can transmit power up to 4.6 meters. Though early prototypes are bulky, the company aims to shrink the size and bring the product to market. Major companies like Starbucks and Virgin Atlantic are considering partnerships to offer such services. Investors are optimistic about uBeam's potential, with reports suggesting a possible $50 million Series B round.
uBeam uses ultrasound to convert electrical energy into sound waves, which are then converted back into electricity by a receiver. This method is safe, efficient, and could also enable data transmission, making it useful for the Internet of Things.
Another innovation comes from Microsoft, which has developed AutoCharge—a system that uses focused light to charge devices automatically. The prototype includes a ceiling-mounted unit with a camera and LED lights that detect and charge devices on a desk. It ensures safety by stopping charging if an object blocks the path.
These advancements show that wireless charging is evolving rapidly, promising a future where wires may eventually disappear. While challenges remain, the potential impact on daily life and technology is immense.