Magnetic sensors provide a unique solution for many sensing problems such as current sensing, proximity sensing, linear rate or rotational rate sensing, and directional magnetic anomaly detection, angle, position or displacement measurements. Understanding the concepts behind magnetic sensor technology and their most appropriate applications will help you decide if the magnetic sensor of your choice is your best application solution. The application of magnetic sensors is very extensive. Today, we will come to see the application of magnetic sensors in various fields such as national economy, national defense construction, science and technology, and medical and health care. The fourth-generation TMR magnetic sensor has good temperature stability, is insensitive to temperature, has good linearity, high sensitivity, and does not require magnetism. Therefore, the current sensor using TMR magnetic sensor has small volume, good temperature characteristics, high precision, and overall cost. The low characteristics have very important advantages in the field of smart meter metering. The same TMR magnetic sensor is also used on gas and heat meters. 4. Magnetic information recording device In addition to magnetic tapes, magnetic disks, and the like, magnetic information recording devices have magnetic cards, magnetic ink recording books, magnetic recordings of banknotes, and the like, and there is a great demand for magnetic information storage and readout sensors. At present, inductive heads, TMR thin film magnetoresistive heads, and amorphous heads have been widely used. As the recording density is increased, for example, up to 100 Gbytes, a head with higher sensitivity and spatial resolution is required. A giant magnetoresistive head based on a multilayer metal film, an amorphous alloy magnetic head made of an amorphous alloy wire, and a giant magnetoimpedance magnetic head are widely used. 5, traffic control At present, in the development and construction of enhanced road support road systems (AHS), intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and road traffic information systems (VICS), high-sensitivity, high-speed response micro-DMR magnetic sensors are of great use. For example, with an SI sensor with a resolution of up to 1nT, ITS sensors can be constructed (for road signs on highways, wheel angles, truck proximity), and vehicles pass recorders (measurement direction, speed, body length, vehicle type identification) ), parking lot batch vehicle sensors, acceleration sensors (measuring the vibration of road bridges when the vehicle passes), etc. The GMR sensor can be used to detect the size and position of the vehicle on the road, and to monitor the traffic volume of the highway and the parking conditions of the parking lot. GMR can also be used in toll booths on the road to achieve automatic control of charges. In order to ensure the safety of the train, a magnetic sensor is placed every two kilometers along the train. When the train is dead, the signal can be automatically transmitted to the dispatch center. NVE in the US has used the GMR sensor on the vehicle's traffic control system. . The application of magnetic sensors in automobiles is particularly common, including, for example, automobile safety, automobile comfort, and energy saving of automobiles. It is mainly used in car detection, such as speed, inclination, angle, distance, proximity, position, and navigation, positioning, etc., such as vehicle speed measurement, pedal position, gearbox position, motor rotation, assist torque measurement, crankshaft. Position, inclination measurement, electronic navigation, anti-lock detection, parking positioning, defect detection in airbags and solar panels, seat position memory, improved navigation system heading resolution. When a magnet is fixed on the edge of the rotating wheel and the GMR magnetoresistive sensor is fixed to the side of the wheel and kept at a certain distance, the magnet rotates with the wheel, and a rotation of the wheel produces a voltage pulse output. This type of basic wheel speed sensing and torque sensing applications are used extensively in automotive brake systems (ABS) and power steering (EPS) systems. Hall switch devices are non-contact, wear-free, clear output waveform, no jitter, no rebound, high position repeatability, wide operating temperature range, up to -55 ° C ~ 150 ° C. The switch-type Hall sensor completes a switching action after a change in the strength of the magnetic field, and outputs a digital signal, which can calculate the speed of the car or machine, the speed sensor in the ABS system, the car speedometer and the odometer, and the automatic door switch of the locomotive. , brushless DC motor, car ignition system, etc. In energy saving, the application of magnetic sensors can make motor control or commutation more accurate. In addition, automotive electronic wire-controlled throttle systems and battery monitoring, smart fans, etc. have magnetic sensors. In a hybrid electric vehicle, a magnetic sensor is used to monitor the auxiliary motor inverter. The inverter is used to convert the battery DC power into the motor's AC power. This conversion requires the use of three current sensors, one for each phase of the motor. Advanced cars also need to use Hall IC and AMR sensors. There are more than 10 types of motors in mid- and low-end cars, such as fan cooling, alternators and windshield wipers; luxury cars have nearly 100 motors, including sensors for air-conditioning blowers, electronic steering and throttle control, for automation and new types of cars. The clutch sensor of the clutch system, as well as sensors for seat position adjustment, sunroof, tachometer, headlight position adjustment, headrest, and even for controlling the intake damper based on air quality information. In addition, TMR magnetic sensor has excellent temperature stability, high sensitivity, very low noise floor, ultra low power consumption, high resolution, large dynamic range, smaller size, etc. The sensor is unmatched. In demanding automotive electronics, TMR magnetoresistive sensors will be more popular! MEMS sensors and magnetic sensors promote each other in applications, driving the gradual growth of magnetic sensors in consumer electronics applications. Although the development of magnetoresistive sensors has been very long and the technology is relatively mature, it has not been optimistic as a separate application of electronic compass. However, its combination with MEMS technology has become a bright spot in the navigation market. If the three sensors of gyroscope, acceleration and magnetic sensor are integrated, the three functions complement each other and realize the 9-axis combined sensor, which constitutes a more powerful inertial navigation product. In multi-axis measurement electronic compasses, magnetic sensors play the role of important components. At present, mobile phones and tablets with GPS systems will adopt multi-axis measurement electronic compass as standard, which also makes the magnetic sensor invisibly catch up with the consumer electronics express. At present, the application of magnetic sensors in consumer electronics also enables geo-tag functions for game controllers, notebooks, and digital cameras.
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I. Industrial Applications Widely used in industrial applications, the most popular types of magnetic sensors are current sensors, including shunt resistors, Hall-effect integrated circuits, current-sensing transformers, open-loop and closed-loop Hall devices, and fluxgate sensors.
1. In the brushless motor, the magnetic sensor is used as the rotor magnetic pole position sensing and the stator armature current commutator. In the magnetic sensor, the Hall device, the Wiegand device, the magnetoresistive device, etc. can be used, but Mainly based on Hall sensors. In addition, the magnetic sensor can also provide overload protection and torque detection for the motor; the AC frequency converter is used for motor speed regulation, and the energy saving effect is excellent; the use of the magnetic encoder is gradually replacing the optical encoder to detect and control the motor speed, for example, In the electric window, the sensor can determine how many turns the shaft rotates to control the travel of the window lifter. The sensor can also detect the abnormal load caused by the human hand and provide the so-called “anti-pinch†function. The motor can be reversed when the object is used; the electric power steering sensor for DC motor commutation and detection of current is also a rapidly growing application to replace the electro-hydraulic system.
2. Power Electronic Technology Power electronic meter technology is a combination of power technology and electronic technology, which can realize mutual conversion of AC and DC currents, and can realize free adjustment of current, voltage and frequency within the required range. Using these technologies and products, it can be made into various special power sources (such as UPS, high-frequency power supply, switching power supply, arc welding machine inverter power supply, etc.) and AC inverters. At the heart of these inverters is a high power semiconductor device. Various current sensors based on magnetic sensors are used to monitor and protect these high power devices. The Hall current sensor has a fast response speed and is coupled to the controlled circuit by the magnetic field. It does not connect to the main circuit, so it has low power consumption, strong overload resistance, good linearity and high reliability. It can be used as an overcurrent protection for high-power devices. The driver, which can be used as a feedback device, becomes a control link of the self-controlled loop. The use of frequency conversion technology can save a lot of energy. China's frequency conversion technology transformation will require a large number of current sensors, which will be another huge industrial application field of magnetic sensors.
3. The automatic detection system of the energy management grid needs to collect a large amount of data. After the computer processing, it monitors the operation status of the grid, and performs load distribution adjustment and security protection. The various control links of the automatic monitoring system are realized by a current sensor based on a magnetic sensor, a transformer, and the like. Hall current sensors have long been used in power grid systems. Meters made with Hall devices can be automatically billed and display power factor for adjustment at any time to ensure efficient power usage. 
Second, the application in the car is everywhere 
Third, medical technology that plays a key role in the medical field to assist health and monitoring is becoming more and more important. The use of medical sensors increases the degree of automation and precision. Magnetic sensors assist patient care and monitoring in a variety of ways in the medical field. Whether it is during surgery, intensive care unit, hospital rehabilitation, or home care, it provides an effective application. Use of reversing sensors for medical control in medical devices such as ventilators, infusions, insulin and kidney dialysis machines; electromagnetic encoder Hall sensors are used in syringe pumps to detect flow rates to determine if the syringe is empty and Whether the syringe is clogged (used to monitor the blood reconstitution system, automatic blood sample analysis system). Cells, proteins, antibodies, pathogens, viruses, DNA, etc. are labeled with nanometer-scale magnetic particles, that is, magnetized to detect these objects, and then high-sensitivity GMR magnetoresistive sensors are used to detect their specific positions. This application method is very important in medical and clinical analysis, DNA analysis, and environmental pollution monitoring. Compared with traditional electrochemical analysis and piezoelectric crystal detection methods, the spin valve biomagnetic sensor based on TMR effect has the advantages of high precision and small volume. It is mainly used for non-contact detection of lesions, room temperature magnetocardiogram detection, and biological Molecular recognition analysis, etc. Magnetic sensors can also be used in simple centrifuges to prepare samples, which are used to help control small motors to make them quieter and more reliable. In the field of hearing aids, giant magnetoresistive sensor ICs (GMR) and Halls and reeds are used.
4. Attractive in the market of electronic consumer industry With the popularity of consumer electronics in the world, the application of magnetic sensors in consumer electronics is also very strong. For example, mobile phones, notebook computers, electronic toys, electronic compasses, etc. have a very wide range of applications. The first commercial application of the GMR sensor was a hard disk data reading probe marketed by IBM. So far, giant magnetoresistance technology has become the standard technology for almost all computers, digital cameras, and MP3 players around the world. 
5. GMR magnetoresistive sensors that exhibit high sensitivity and detect weak magnetic fields in aviation, aerospace, satellite communications, and military industries can be used in aerospace, aerospace, and satellite communications technologies. As we all know, in the military industry, with the development of absorbing technology, military objects can be concealed by covering a layer of absorbing materials, but they will generate magnetic fields anyway, so the hidden objects can be found by GMR magnetoresistive sensors. . GMR magnetoresistive sensors can be applied to satellites to detect objects on the surface of the Earth and the distribution of mineral deposits underneath. The electronic compass has contributed to weapons/missile navigation (farm estimation), navigation and aerospace high-performance navigation equipment. If magnetic sensors are installed on mines or mines, since tanks or warships are made of steel, the sensors can detect changes in the magnetic field to explode mines or mines, increasing their lethality as they approach (without touching the target). The US Navy began to develop the Terfenol-D underwater sonar in the early 1980s. The permanent magnet generates a bias magnetic field. The solenoid generates an alternating magnetic field. As the magnetic field changes, the ring expands and contracts to emit sound waves. Features Sensing detection of underwater targets for searching, measuring, identifying and tracking submarines and other underwater targets, underwater acoustic countermeasures, underwater tactical communications, navigation and weapon guidance, tactical maneuvers for ships, anti-submarine aircraft, and underwater weapons Use and so on.
6. Promising applications in environmental monitoring The premise of environmental protection is the monitoring of various environmental parameters (temperature, pressure, atmospheric composition, noise, etc.), where a large number of sensors are required. The magnetostrictive amorphous magnetic micro-magnetic sensor and inductive magnetic sensor can simultaneously measure the temperature and air pressure of vacuum or confined space, and can be telemetry and remote access without connectors. In the food packaging, environmental science experiments, etc., the application prospects are also very broad.
7. Other industrial applications are also attracting attention. In other industrial applications, magnetic sensors can be used for uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), welding systems, robotics, train transportation infrastructure, off-road vehicles and forklifts for computers and other machines. Small displacement measurement of DMR sensor: Using a permanent magnet as a reference, the movement of the reference object relative to the magnetic sensor can be equivalent to the movement of the device in a uniformly gradient magnetic field, so the output of the magnetic field sensor reflects the magnetic field sensor or permanent magnet. The amount of displacement. This application can be controlled in the robot arm, machine tool precision control and so on. An anisotropic AMR magnetoresistive sensor can be used to identify buried materials. The magnetoresistive sensor utilizes a magnetic alloy to encounter a change in the magnetic resistance value when the magnetic alloy encounters a magnetic field. When the bridge encounters a magnetic field of different strength, a different voltage output is generated, and the magnetic signal is converted into an electrical signal. In the urban road construction, it avoids the leakage of underground pipelines, which leads to accidents such as water leakage, air leakage and power outages. In the field of industrial control, TMR magnetic sensors can be used for current sensors and proximity switches. The Hall current sensor has low sensitivity and requires a magnetic aggregation effect of the ferromagnetic material to improve accuracy. The TMR magnetic sensor does not require a ferromagnetic material, which reduces the current sensor volume and reduces cost. On the proximity switch, because the Hall sensor has a small signal range, low sensitivity, and is insensitive to long distances, the proximity switch made of TMR magnetic sensor can be used for long-distance detection and speed measurement in special environments. In applications with higher currents such as large inverter motors, open-loop and closed-loop Hall sensors use Hall-effect ICs in a small package; they also increase integration and include an application-specific integrated circuit in the package. Hall IC is also used in inverter control applications for industrial washing machines. In addition to current sensors, independent Hall-effect ICs or magnetoresistive sensor switches also have a market of scale for motor rectification to reduce ripple and improve performance, or for position measurement. Magnetic sensors are an important branch of the sensor industry. In today's Internet of Things era, there are huge markets for their applications. They have been raised to the national economic and national defense level by many countries on a global scale. China has also upgraded its sensors to the state. strategy.