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Solar energy system include Solar photovoltaic system: 1. Off grid photovoltaic system mainly consists of solar modules, controllers, and batteries. To supply power to AC loads, it is also necessary to configure an AC inverter. 2. Grid connected photovoltaic power generation system. 3. Distributed photovoltaic power generation system. Distributed power generation or distributed energy supply.
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solar cell type
mono crystalline, half cut cell
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on grid system, off grid system, hybrid system
solar configuration
solar panel, inverter, battery, bracket cabels, mc4 connector
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Analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of several common mobile smart access control technologies
In recent years, mobile applications have gained massive popularity, and the use of mobile internet devices such as WeChat Pay and Alipay for parking fees has become common in parking lots. This trend has significantly contributed to the development of mobile phone-based access control systems within the security industry.
Currently, there are four primary technical solutions for mobile smart access control: Bluetooth, NFC, QR code, and Wi-Fi. Let’s take a closer look at how each of these technologies works, along with their respective advantages and disadvantages.
**Bluetooth Technology**
Bluetooth technology is a well-established wireless communication standard that enables short-range data exchange between devices. It operates on the 2.4 GHz ISM band and was originally developed by Ericsson in 1994 as an alternative to traditional data cables. Bluetooth can connect multiple devices and overcome challenges related to data synchronization.
Implementation involves connecting a mobile device to an access control system within approximately 8 meters. The mobile app triggers a Bluetooth service, which communicates with a smart device installed at the access point, allowing the door to unlock.
Advantages:
- Mature and widely used technology.
- Lower implementation cost.
- Longer range compared to some alternatives.
Disadvantages:
- Requires the phone to be powered on.
- Signal interference may occur due to physical obstructions.
- Only about 33% of smartphones support BLE 4.0, limiting its widespread adoption.
**NFC Technology**
Near Field Communication (NFC) evolved from RFID technology and is now commonly used in contactless payments and access control. It operates at 13.56 MHz with a maximum range of 10 cm and offers transmission speeds of up to 424 Kbit/s. NFC has been standardized under ISO/IEC 18092 and ECMA-340.
To implement NFC-based access control, users need a smartphone with NFC capabilities, an NFC reader at the access point, and a secure ecosystem for managing digital credentials.
Advantages:
- Fast and secure connection setup, often under a second.
- Low power consumption and high security.
Disadvantages:
- Only around 15.4% of smartphones support NFC, making it less widely available than Bluetooth.
**QR Code Technology**
QR codes are two-dimensional barcodes that store information in a matrix format. They are widely used for various purposes, including access control. Each user receives a real-time encrypted QR code via an app, which they scan to gain entry.
Advantages:
- Widely adopted and easy to use.
- Can integrate access control and visitor management.
- Compatible with most smartphones through apps or web platforms.
- Provides a good user experience.
Disadvantages:
- QR codes can be copied, leading to potential security risks.
- Higher implementation costs compared to other methods.
**Wi-Fi Technology**
Wi-Fi technology, developed in the 1990s by CSIRO, is one of the most widely used wireless communication standards today. It allows fast and stable connections across many devices and is supported by almost all modern smartphones, tablets, and laptops.
Wi-Fi-based access control is commonly used in smart communities, often integrated with monitoring systems through mobile apps.
Advantages:
- High compatibility and large capacity.
- Uses the standardized 802.11n protocol, ensuring broad device support.
- Enables remote management and control.
Disadvantages:
- Requires a stable internet connection, increasing the cost of implementation.
- Highly dependent on network stability; any disruption can affect functionality.
Each of these technologies has its own strengths and limitations, and the choice depends on specific use cases, budget, and user preferences. As mobile access control continues to evolve, we can expect further improvements and integration of these technologies into everyday life.