Input Offset Voltage VIO: The input offset voltage is defined as the offset voltage applied between the two inputs when the voltage at the output of the integrated op amp is zero. The input offset voltage actually reflects the internal circuit symmetry of the op amp, the better the symmetry, the smaller the input offset voltage. The input offset voltage is a very important indicator of the op amp, especially for precision op amps or for DC amplification. The input offset voltage has a certain relationship with the manufacturing process, in which the input offset voltage of the bipolar process (ie, the standard silicon process described above) is between ±1~10mV; the input offset voltage will be greater with the field effect transistor as the input stage. some. For precision op amps, the input offset voltage is generally below 1mV. The smaller the input offset voltage, the smaller the center zero offset during DC amplification and the easier it is to handle. Therefore, it is an extremely important indicator for precision op amps. The temperature drift of the input offset voltage (referred to as input offset voltage drift) ΑVIO: The temperature drift of the input offset voltage is defined as the ratio of the input offset voltage change to the temperature change over a given temperature range. This parameter is actually a supplement to the input offset voltage, which is convenient for calculating the magnitude of the drift caused by the temperature change in the amplifier circuit within a given operating range. The input op amp voltage drift of the general op amp is between ±10~20μV/°C, and the input op amp voltage drift of the precision op amp is less than ±1μV/°C. Input Bias Current IIB: The input bias current is defined as the average of the two input bias currents when the op amp's output dc voltage is zero. The input bias current has a large influence on where high impedance signal amplification, integration circuits, etc., are required for input impedance. The input bias current has a certain relationship with the manufacturing process, in which the input bias current of the bipolar process (ie, the standard silicon process described above) is between ±10nA~1μA; the input bias current is the input stage of the field effect transistor. Generally less than 1nA. Input Offset Current IIO: The input offset current is defined as the difference between the two input bias currents when the op amp's output dc voltage is zero. The input offset current also reflects the internal circuit symmetry of the op amp. The better the symmetry, the smaller the input offset current. Input offset current is a very important indicator of the op amp, especially for precision op amps or for DC amplification. The input offset current is approximately one to one tenth of the input bias current. The input offset current has an important influence on small signal precision amplification or DC amplification. Especially when a large resistance is used outside the op amp (for example, 10 kΩ or more), the input offset current may affect the accuracy more than the input offset voltage accuracy. Impact. The smaller the input offset current, the smaller the center zero offset during DC amplification and the easier it is to handle. Therefore, it is an extremely important indicator for precision op amps. Input offset current temperature drift (referred to as input offset current temperature drift): The temperature drift of the input bias current is defined as the ratio of input offset current change to temperature change over a given temperature range. This parameter is actually a supplement to the input offset current, which facilitates the calculation of the magnitude of the drift caused by the temperature change in the amplifier circuit within a given operating range. Input drift temperature drift is generally only given in precision op amp parameters and is only of concern when used for DC signal processing or small signal processing. Differential mode open loop DC voltage gain: Differential mode open loop DC voltage gain is defined as the ratio of op amp output voltage to differential mode voltage input voltage when the op amp is operating in the linear region. Due to the large gain of the differential mode open-loop DC voltage, most op amp differential-mode open-loop DC voltage gains are typically tens of thousands of times or more. It is inconvenient to compare them directly with numerical values, so the decibel method is generally used for recording and comparison. The gain of the differential mode open-loop DC voltage of the general operational amplifier is between 80~120dB. The differential open-loop voltage gain of the actual op amp is a function of the frequency. For ease of comparison, differential mode open-loop DC voltage gain is generally used. Common-mode rejection ratio: Common-mode rejection ratio is defined as the ratio of op amp differential-mode gain to common-mode gain when the op amp is operating in the linear region. Common-mode rejection ratio is an extremely important indicator, it can inhibit differential-mode input == mode interference signal. Due to the large common-mode rejection ratio, the common-mode rejection ratio of most op amps is usually tens of thousands or more, and it is inconvenient to compare them directly with numerical values. Therefore, decibel recording and comparison are generally used. The common mode rejection of general op amps is between 80~120dB. Power Supply Voltage Rejection Ratio: The power supply voltage rejection ratio is defined as the ratio of the input offset voltage of the op amp to the supply voltage when the op amp is operating in the linear region. The supply voltage rejection ratio reflects the effect of power supply changes on the op amp output. At present, the power supply voltage rejection ratio can only be about 80dB. Therefore, when used as DC signal processing or small signal processing analog amplification, the power supply of the op amp needs to be carefully and carefully processed. Of course, an op amp with a high common-mode rejection ratio can compensate for a portion of the power supply voltage rejection ratio. In addition, when dual-supply power supply is used, the supply voltage suppression ratio of the positive and negative power supplies may not be the same. Output Peak-to-Peak Voltage: The output peak-to-peak voltage is defined as the maximum voltage amplitude the op amp can output when the op amp is operating in a linear region at a specified load, when the op amp is powered by the current high supply voltage. With the exception of low-voltage op amps, the output peak-to-peak voltage of a typical op amp is greater than ±10V. The output peak-to-peak voltage of a typical op amp cannot reach the supply voltage. This is due to the output stage design. The output stage of modern low-voltage op amps is specially treated so that the output peak-to-peak voltage approaches 10 kΩ load. Within 50mV of the power supply voltage, so called full-scale output op amp, also known as Rail-to-rail (Raid-To-Raid) op amp. It should be noted that the output peak-to-peak voltage of the op amp is related to the load, and the load is different, and the output peak-to-peak voltage is also different; the positive and negative output voltage swings of the op amp are not necessarily the same. For practical applications, the closer the output peak-to-peak voltage is to the supply voltage, the better this can simplify the power supply design. However, now full-scale output op amps can only operate at low voltages, and the cost is high. Maximum common-mode input voltage: The maximum common-mode input voltage is defined as the common-mode input voltage when the op amp's common-mode rejection ratio characteristic deteriorates significantly when the op amp is operating in the linear region. It is generally defined as the common-mode input voltage corresponding to a 6-dB drop in common-mode rejection ratio as the maximum common-mode input voltage. The maximum common-mode input voltage limits the maximum common-mode input voltage range in the input signal. In the presence of interference, this problem needs to be addressed in the circuit design. Maximum Differential Mode Input Voltage: The maximum differential mode input voltage is defined as the maximum input voltage differential that is tolerated by the two input terminals of the op amp. When the two input terminals of the op amp allow the input voltage difference to exceed the maximum differential mode input voltage, the op amp input stage may be damaged. Open-loop bandwidth: The open-loop bandwidth is defined as a constant-amplitude sinusoidal small signal input to the op amp's input. The open-loop voltage gain measured from the op amp's output drops 3 db from the op amp's DC gain (or equivalent The signal frequency corresponding to the 0.707 DC gain of the operational amplifier. This is for very small signal processing. Unit Gain Bandwidth GB: The unity gain bandwidth is defined as the op amp's closed-loop gain is 1 times. A constant-amplitude sinusoidal small signal is input to the input of the op amp, and the closed-loop voltage gain measured from the output of the op amp is decreased by 3db. (Or equivalent to 0.707 of the input signal of the op amp). The unity-gain bandwidth is an important indicator. For sinusoidal small-signal amplification, the unity-gain bandwidth is equal to the product of the input signal frequency and the maximum gain at that frequency. In other words, it is necessary to know the signal frequency and signal to be processed. After the increase, the unity gain bandwidth can be calculated to select the appropriate op amp. This is used for op amp selection in small signal processing. Slew Rate (also called Slew Rate) SR: Op Amp Slew Rate is defined as the input of a large signal (with a step signal) to the input of the op amp from the op amp output when the op amp is connected in a closed loop condition. The output rise rate of the operational amplifier is measured. Since during the conversion, the input stage of the op amp is in the on-off state, the feedback loop of the op amp is inactive, ie the slew rate is independent of the closed-loop gain. Slew rate is a very important indicator for large signal processing. For general op amp conversion rate SR "=10V/Μs, high-speed op amp conversion rate SR" 10V/Μs. The highest conversion rate of current high-speed op amps reaches 6,000 V/Μs. This is used for op amp selection in large signal processing. Full Power Bandwidth BW: The full power bandwidth is defined as the maximum operational amplifier output amplitude with a constant amplitude sinusoidal large signal input to the input of the op amp with a closed loop gain of 1 at the rated load. (Allows certain distortion) signal frequency. This frequency is limited by the conversion rate of the op amp. Approximately, full power bandwidth = slew rate/2πVop (Vop is the op amp's peak output amplitude). Full power bandwidth is a very important indicator for large-signal processing op amp selection. Settling time: The settling time is defined as that at the rated load, when the closed-loop gain of the operational amplifier is 1 times, a large step signal is input to the input of the operational amplifier, so that the output of the operational amplifier is increased from 0 to a given value. The time required for setting. Because it is a large step signal input, there will be some jitter after the output signal reaches a given value. This jitter time is called the settling time. Settling time + rise time = settling time. For different output accuracy, there is a big difference in the settling time. The higher the precision, the longer the settling time. Settling time is a very important indicator for large signal processing op amp selection. Equivalent input noise voltage: The equivalent input noise voltage is defined as the op amp with good shielding and no signal input, and any irregular ac disturbance voltage generated at its output. When this noise voltage is converted to the input of the op amp, it is called the op amp input noise voltage (sometimes also expressed as noise current). For broadband noise, the input noise voltage of an ordinary op amp is about 10~20μV. Differential Mode Input Impedance (also called Input Impedance): The differential mode input impedance is defined as the ratio of the voltage change at the two inputs to the current change at the corresponding input when the op amp is operating in the linear region. The differential-mode input impedance includes the input resistance and the input capacitance, and at low frequencies only the input resistance. The general product also only gives the input resistance. The input resistance of an op amp with a bipolar transistor as the input stage is not greater than 10 megohms; the input resistance of an op amp with a FET as the input stage is generally greater than 109 ohms. Common-mode input impedance: Common-mode input impedance is defined as the ratio of the common-mode input voltage variation to the corresponding input current variation when the op amp is operating on the input signal (ie, the two inputs to the op amp are input to the same signal). At low frequencies it manifests as common-mode resistance. Typically, the op amp's common-mode input impedance is much higher than the differential-mode input impedance, typically more than 108 ohms. Output Impedance: The output impedance is defined as the ratio of the voltage change to the corresponding current change when the op amp is operating in a linear region and a signal voltage is applied to the output of the op amp. At low frequencies it refers only to the output resistance of the op amp. This parameter is in the open loop test. Due to the large number of op amp chip models, even if classified according to the above methods, there are many types and subdivisions are even more. This is difficult for beginners to avoid dizzying. This section seeks to analyze the effects of operational amplifiers on signal amplification through the analysis of several actual circuits, and finally summarizes how to select op amps. The main indicators of the CA3140 are: Project unit parameters Input offset voltage 5000V 5000 Input offset voltage temperature drift ΜV/°C 8 Input offset current PA 0.5 Input offset current temperature drift PA/°C 0.005 This can be calculated as the effect of the offset error at a temperature of 25°C as follows: Project unit parameters Error due to input offset voltage ΜV 5000 Input error caused by offset current ΜV 0.0045 The total error is ΜV 5000 Relative error in input signal 200mV% 2.5 Relative error of input signal 100mV% 5 Relative error of input signal 25mV% 20 Relative error in input signal 10mV% 50 Relative error % 500 for input signal 1mV The preliminary conclusion is that the input offset current of the high-impedance op amp is very small. The error caused by it is far less than the error caused by the input offset voltage and can be ignored. The error caused by the input offset voltage is still small, but it can be in the center of the operating range. The temperature is eliminated by zeroing. This can be calculated as follows: The effect of temperature drift from 0 to 25°C is as follows: Project unit parameters Error caused by input offset voltage drift ΜV 200 Input offset current drift caused by error ΜV 0.001 The total error is ΜV 200 The relative error when input signal 200mV% 0.1 The relative error of input signal 100mV% 0.2 Relative error of input signal at 25mV% 0.8 Relative error at input signal 10mV% 2 Relative error %20 at input signal 1mV The preliminary conclusion is: high impedance op amp input offset current temperature drift is very small, and its error is far less than the error caused by the input offset voltage drift, can be ignored; when using high-impedance op amp, due to the offset voltage temperature coefficient Large, the impact is greater, making it unsuitable for amplification of DC signals below 100mV. If the above two errors total will be greater.
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Index Classification and Characteristics of Analog Op Amp Effects of Operational Amplifier on Signal Amplification
1 DC indicator